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- BEHAVIOR, Page 61The Lasting Wounds of Divorce
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- Many youngsters may still be suffering a decade after breakups
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- Divorce, everyone agrees, is a traumatic event for
- children. But many parents are consoled by the notion that most
- youngsters can recover from the painful split-up of their
- families. Within two or three years, they will resume their
- normal development and ultimately they will benefit. After all,
- if the divorce is good for Mother or Father, it will be good for
- the children.
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- Now that comfortable assumption is being challenged. Based
- on an unprecedented long-term study of the effects of divorce,
- psychologist Judith Wallerstein has found that a disturbingly
- large number of youngsters are suffering the consequences many
- years after the family breakup. Says Wallerstein, director of
- the Center for the Family in Transition in Corte Madera, Calif.:
- "Almost half of children of divorces enter adulthood as
- worried, under- achieving, self-deprecating and sometimes angry
- young men and women."
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- Wallerstein's conclusions, presented in a new book, Second
- Chances (Ticknor & Fields; $19.95), are drawn from interviews
- conducted over a 15-year period with 60 families, most of them
- white middle class. Included were 131 children, who were 2 to
- 18 years old at the time of the divorce. Among the findings:
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- Three out of five youngsters felt rejected by at least one
- parent.
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- Half grew up in settings in which the parents were warring
- with each other even after the divorce.
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- Two-thirds of the girls, many of whom had seemingly sailed
- through the crisis, suddenly became deeply anxious as young
- adults, unable to make lasting commitments and fearful of
- betrayal in intimate relationships.
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- Many boys, who were more overtly troubled in the
- post-divorce years, failed to develop a sense of independence,
- confidence or purpose. They drifted in and out of college and
- from job to job.
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- Wallerstein's report has had mixed reviews from other
- researchers. Many do not believe that enduring damage from
- divorce is as pervasive as she indicates. Says psychologist Jo
- Anne Pedro-Carroll of the University of Rochester in New York:
- "It would be a disservice to families who have adjusted to the
- changes in their lives to suggest that there will inevitably be
- long-term trauma for all children." Experts point out that the
- study involved a small number of families and that there was no
- group of intact families to provide a statistical comparison.
- They note also that children tend to be depressed in adolescence
- whether they are from broken or intact families. Says
- psychologist Rex Forehand of the University of Georgia in
- Athens: "The answer on long-term effects is not in yet."
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- Whatever the scientific merits of the study, Wallerstein
- and co-author Sandra Blakeslee provide vivid portraits of just
- how devastating divorce can be for children. Deborah, for
- example, saw her parents split up when she was five, shortly
- after her father beat up her mother. Fifteen years later, she
- is a top student in college, but she has a habit of falling in
- love with "jerks." Deborah says her latest boyfriend really
- loves her: "I know he cares about me because he hits me."
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- Kevin became a "problem child" soon after his parents
- called it quits; he was twelve. After the divorce, his dad
- regularly broke promises to see him. But Kevin remained loyal,
- even inventing conversations with him. Inevitably, he felt
- abandoned. Ten years after the breakup, Kevin had been in jail
- three times -- for beating up a girlfriend, drunken driving and
- dealing drugs.
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- Such bitter legacies have family experts searching for ways
- to ease the burden of divorce on youngsters. Specialists agree
- that children should have a regular visitation schedule so that
- they can maintain a relationship with the parent who does not
- have custody. Children also feel more secure and less isolated
- if they spend time with grandparents.
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- How well children adapt depends largely on the parents'
- attitudes toward each other. For some families, divorce ends
- hostilities; for others, the war escalates. Parents continue to
- fight on the phone or at the doorstep when the children are
- picked up or dropped off. Sometimes the feuding mom and dad
- enlist their offspring in the battles, using them as messengers
- and spies. Observes a nine-year-old girl: "I'm in the middle,
- and my parents keep slapping me back and forth like I'm a tennis
- ball. Whack! Whack! If they're going to keep this fighting up,
- why should I be their child?" Says a seven-year-old boy: "It's
- like a roller coaster that's broken that keeps going."
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- Letting go of the anger for the children's sake is one of
- the most difficult things parents must do. Wallerstein found
- that ten years after separating, many ex-spouses were as furious
- with each other as when they were married. But parents who do
- not declare a truce send a message that divorce is not a
- rational remedy after all. Says Wallerstein: "Children can only
- feel then, `What was the divorce for?'"
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